Univ. Prof. M. Manafi, Kinderspitalgasse 15, 1095- Vienna, Austria Tel: 431-4049079450; Fax 431404909794,

Hygiene-Institute, Medical University of Vienna and Institute of Nutritional Sciences, University of Vienna, AUSTRIA

HOMEPAGES: http://www.univie.ac.at/chromogenic & http://www.univie.ac.at/hygiene-aktuell

  

CURRICULUM VITAE

1969-1973               University of Vienna, Chemistry (B.S.), 1973-1981 University of Agriculture, Food Science and Biotechnology , Vienna

March 1981             Graduation as (B.S.+M.Sc.) and Research Assistant, Hygiene-Institute, 

March 1985             Graduation as Ph.D.

October 1991-98      Head of the Department of Food and Water hygiene at the Hygiene Institute; University of Vienna

Since October 98-    Head of the Department of Food microbiology and Hygiene at the Hygiene Institute; University of Vienna

Since March 1993    University professor Hygiene-Institute

Since 1994              Lecturer for Microbiology and Hygiene at Institute of Nutritional Sciences , University of Vienna

 

Membership

  • Austrian Representative of "International Committee on Food Microbiology and Hygiene (ICFMH)"

  • Member of Working Party for Culture Media (WPCM / ICFMH)

  • Member of "American Society for Microbiology (ASM)"

  • Member of the Austrian Society of Hygiene, Microbiology und Preventive Medicine

  • Member of the Austrian Society of Nutrition

 

Awards

1986  Unilever Award

1990  Austrian Hygiene-Award

 

 LECTURES

  1. Die mikrobiologische Beschaffenheit von Reformhaus- und Bioprodukten im Raum Wien. 19. Jahrestagung der ÖGHMP, Feldkirch, 1984

  2. Gesunde und natürliche Ernährung.CIU, 1986

  3. Zur biochemischen und elektrophoretischen Charakterisierung von Yersinia enterocolitica.20. Jahrestagung der ÖGHMP, Gmunden, 1986

  4. Erfahrungen mit dem Api-20-EC in der Trinkwasser-Routineuntersuchung.21. Jahrestagung der ÖGHMP, Baden, 1988

  5. Anforderungen an die Trinkwasserqualität in chemischer Hinsicht. 17. Seminar für Laborpersonal, Wolfpassing, 1990

  6. Schnellnachweis von Bakterien mittels fluorogener und chromogener Substrate. 22. Jahrestagung der ÖGHMP, Mayerhofen, 1990

  7. A Combined Chromogenic-Fluorogenic Medium for the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and E.coli in Water. 6 th. Congress on Rapid Methods and Automation in Microbiology and Immunology, Helsinki, 1990

  8. E. coli - ein Überblick und die Bedeutung in der Lebensmittelhygiene.2. GENE-TRAK SYSTEMS WORKSHOP, Wien, 1990

  9. Use of Fluorescence Technology in Bacterial Diagnostic. Baxter, MicroScan Divsion, Sacramento, CA, USA, 5.Jan.1991

  10. Fluoreszenz-Technik in der Mikroorganismen-Diagnostik. Jahresversammlung der ÖGHM, Wien, 1991 (Öst. Hygiene Preis 1990).

  11. Yersinia enterocolitica - ein Überblick und die Bedeutung in der Lebensmittelhygiene.3. GENE-TRAK SYSTEMS WORKSHOP, Wien, 1991

  12. Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Substrates - A Promising Tool in Microbiology. 11th. Int. Hungarian Congress of Microbiology, Budapest 24.8.1991.

  13. Medizinalbäder aus hygienischer Sicht. Krankenhaushygiene-Kurs für Ärzte 24.9.91, AKH.

  14. Lebensmittelbedingte Infektionen und Intoxikationen.a: Fortbildungsveranstaltung der "ÖH", AKH 28.11.1991. b: Fortbildungsveranstaltung für Schwestern und Pfleger

  15. Vergleich von 4 Schnellmethoden zum Nachweis von Salmonella spp. 23. Jahrestagung ÖGHMP Villach, 19.-21 Mai 1992.

  16. Schnellidentifizierung von Y.enterocolitica mittels kolorimetrischer DNS-Hybridisationsmethode. 23. Jahrestagung ÖGHMP Villach, 19.-21 Mai 1992.

  17. Enzym-Aktivität von Borrelia-Stämmen. 23. Jahrestagung ÖGHMP Villach, 19.-21 Mai 1992.

  18. Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Substrates in the Diagnosis of Legionellosis and Other Infections University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C. School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology. Microbiology and Immunology Special Seminar, 1.6.1992

  19. Enzymatic profile of Legionella spp. European Working Group on Legionella Infections (EWGLI).8th meeting, Vienna, Austria 12. Mai 1993.

  20.  Vergeleich von Fluorocult R LMX- und Lactose-Pepton-Bouillon zum Nachweis von Coliformen Bakterien in Wasserproben.24. Jahrestagung ÖGHMP Salzburg, 17.-19 Mai 1994.

  21. Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Substrates in Culture media IUMS-ICFMH working party on culture media, Prague, 2.7.1994 Int. Congress of Bacteriology and Appl. Microbiology and IUMS-ICFMH working party on culture media, Prague

  22. Probenahmeerfordernisse für die bakteriologischen Untersuchungen, COMETT II-Kurs, Graz 11-13. Juli 1994

  23. Rapid identification of enterococci with a new chromogenic assay, Food Micro 96, Budapest, 27-30.8.1996

  24. Diagnostik von Harnwegsinfektionen: Chromogene Medien zur Erregerdifferenzierung, Jahrestagung der Öst. Gesellschaft für Laboratoriumsmedizin, 3.12.1996, Steyer

  25. Der Einsatz vom Readycult system für den Nachweis von Coliformen, E.coli und Enterokokken. 26. Jahrestagung ÖGHMP , Millstatt  26-28. Mai 1998.

  26. Schnellnachweis von Gesamt-Coliformen, E.coli and Enterokokken mit Readycult system, Merck Seminar, 29.1.1998, Wien

  27. Culture media containing fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates. 21.4.1998. Int. Symposium, Foodborne Pathogens: Detection and Typing, The Hauge, The Netherland.

  28. New approaches for the fast detection of indicators in particular Enzyme Detection Methods. 6..7.1998,OECD Workshop“ Molecular Technologies for Safe Drinking Water“, Interlaken, Schweiz .

  29. Chromogenic substrates in the next 20 years, 27.10.1998 Basingstoke, UK.

  30. New approaches for the detection of microorganisms using EDM (Enzyme detection methods for safe drinking water and foods), 12.12.1998. Helsinki, PHD-Kurs der Univ. Helsinki.

  31. Erfahrungen mit chromogenen/fluorogenen Medien zur Erregerdifferenzierung in der Mikrobiologie . 25.2.1999, BBSUA , Graz

  32. New approaches for the detection of microorganisms (Enzyme etection methods for safe drinking water and foods), Rio , Brazil. 12 de julho de 1999

  33. New approaches for the detection of microorganisms (Enzyme etection methods for safe drinking water and foods), Sao Paulo, Brazil. 13  de julho de 1999

  34. Actualidades en las ventajas y en et uso de cromogenos y fluorogenos en el analisis microbiologico  (15.7.99, Mexico city)

  35. New development in chromogenic media, 12.9.1999,Food Micro 99, Veldhofen, Niederland

  36. Culture media for Coliforms, E.coli and total Enterobacteriaceae, 21.3.2000, Antwerpen

  37. An Overview of chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates and media in microbiological diagnostics "In Devision P Seminar The use of chromogenic and fluorogenic media for the isolation and detection of bacteria in foods and water".  101th. American Society for Microbiology, Orlando, 22 May 2001.

  38. New approaches for the detection of microorganisms (Enzyme etection methods for safe drinking water and foods), Okland (NZ), Osaka (Japan) and Tokyo (Japan), 26.5.-3.6.2001.

  39. Einsatz von chromogenen und fluorogenen Medien in der Wasser-, und Lebensmittelmikrobiologie, 12.7.2001, Wien, bioMerieux Seminar.

  40. Food Safty and risk assessment, Microbiology and Hygiene, 17th International congress of Nutrition, Wien 28.8.2001 .

  41. Overview chromogenic media "European Microbiology Product Manger Meeting in Prag, 13.9.2001.

  42. Selektivnährboden zur Isolierung und Differenzierung von Enterokokken in Wasser und Lebensmitteln, 18.10.2001, Wien.

  43. Die Bedeutung von Enterokokken in der Lebensmittelmikrobiologie und -Hygiene: Erfahrungen mit dem neuen Chromocult Enterokokken-Agar (26.10.2002, wien)

  44. سمينآر ميكروبيو لوژي: in University of Teheran: WORKSHOP PDF ,

  45. Enterobakterien, Coliforme und Escherichia coli: Indikator- und Index-Keime: (K)ein zeitgemäßes Konzept? (1.10.2002; Wien)

  46. Coliforme Bakterien, ein zeitgemäßes Konzept?, 22.4.2004, Siegburg, Germany

  47. Die einfache Art Wasser zu testen: Enzymatische Bestimmung von Indikatorbakterien am Beispiel des Anreicherungsmediums  Readycult im aqua-checker (Wien 28.April2004) PDF

POSTERS:

  1. A Combined Chromogenic-Fluorogenic Medium for the Simultaneous Detection of Total Coliforms and E.coli in Water. 1st Conference on "Methods and Applications of Fluorescence Spectroscopy", Graz, 1989 (Poster)

  2. Anforderungen an die Trinkwasserqualität in chemischer Hinsicht. Milchwirtschaftliche Berichte 103, 1990 (Abstract).

  3. Enzymatic Activities of Legionella spp. Using API Enzyme Research Kits. 4th International Symposium on Legionella, ASM Conference 26-29 January 1992, Orlando, Florida-USA (Poster).

  4. Identifizierung von Candida albicans mittels Fluoroplate Candida Agar.23. Jahrestagung ÖGHMP Villach, 19.-21 Mai 1992 (Poster).

  5. Rapid Identification of Enterococci with a New Fluorogenic-Chromogenic Assay. Int. Syposium on Health-Related Water Microbiology. 26-29 May 1992, Washington D.C., USA. (Poster).

  6. Enzymatic profiles of various Borrelia burgdorferi strains and of Borrelia hermsii. International Conference on Lyme Borreliosis, May 30-June 2, 1992, Arlington, Virginia, U.S.A. (Poster)

  7. Identifizierung von Candida albicans mittels Fluoroplate Candida AgarMYCO 92 Tagung der Deutsch. Mykologen, Graz, 3.-6. September 1992 (Poster).

  8. Erfahrungen mit dem EMX- und EMX-ID Agar sowie der LMX-Bouillon im Routinelabor der Lebensmittelmikrobiologie. Öst. Lebensmittelchemiker Tage, 28./29. September 1992 (Poster)

  9. Schnellidentifizierung von Y.enterocolitica mittels kolorimetrischer DNS-Hybridisationsmethode. Öst. Lebensmittelchemiker Tage, 28./29. 9.1992 (Poster)

  10. Rapid selective enumeration of bacteria in food using fluorogenic chromogenic assay. Food Micro 93, Bingen, Germany, 31.8.-3.9.93 (Poster).

  11. Evaluation of Pax-Test for rapid identification of Streptococcus pyogenes and enterococci. Food Micro 93, Bingen, Germany, 31.8.-3.9.93 (Poster).

  12. Comparsion of rapid methods using fluorogenic-chromogenic assays for detecting Candida albicans. Trends in invasive fungal infections II, Manchester, UK, 2-4  September 93 (Poster).

  13. Comparsion of three rapid methods for identification of Salmonella spp.RAMI 93, London, UK, 12-15 September 93 (Poster).

  14. Comparsion of API 20E-, Vitek-, and Gene-trakR systems for identification of Y. enterocolitica. RAMI 93, London, UK, 12-15 September 93 (Poster).

  15. Evaluation of six methods for identification of Candida albicans. RAMI 93, London, UK, 12-15 September 93 (Poster).

  16. Identification of bacteria using fluorogenic chromogenic substrates FEMS Meeting:Identification of bacteria present trends-future prospects Granada, Spain. 19-22 September 93 (Poster).

  17. Rapid detection of Coliforms and E. coli in water using Fluorocult LMXR broth Water Quality 94, Budapest, 24.7-29. Juli 94 (Poster).

  18. New Medium for the simultaneous detection of total coliforms and E. coli in water. 95th. American Society for Microbiology, Washington, DC 21-25 May 1995 (Poster)

  19. New Medium for the simultaneous detection of total coliforms and E. coli in water. Conf. on Coliforms and E.coli: Problem or Solution?, 24.9.-28.9.1995, Int. congress on coliforms and E.coli, Leeds, UK

  20. Detection and enumeration of Campylobacter spp. in Water using GENE-TRAKR system Water Quality 96, 4.10.-11.10.1996, Int. Symposium on Health-Realted Water Microbiology, Mallorca.

  21. Rapid identification of enterococci in water with a new chromogenic assay. 97th. American Society for Microbiology, Miami, 3-8 May 1997

  22. Evaluation of Readycult Presence-Absence test for Detction of Total Coliforms and E. coli in Water. 98th. American Society for Microbiology, Atlanta, 17-21 May 1998

  23. Quantitavie determination of total coliforms and E.coli in marine waters using chromogenic and fluorogenic media. Helath-related water microbiology, Vancouver, Canada. 1998

  24. Rapid Procedure for Detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 in Food.  Manafi, B. Kremsmair, 1999 General Meeting (5/30/99 through 6/3/99) 

  25. Comparative evaluation of different chromogenic/fluorogenic media for detecting E.coli O157:H7 in food, Second International symposium european study group on EHEC, Brussel, 1999

  26. Evaluation of Readycult system for Detction of Total Coliforms and E. coli in Water. Food Micro 99. Veldhoven, Niederland.

  27. Comparative evaluation of different chromogenic/fluorogenic media for detecting E.coli O157:H7 in food, Food MIcro 99. Veldhoven, Niederland.

  28. Identification of Bacterial Strains Isolated from Drinking Water by Means of Fluorocult LMX® and Readycult® Coliforms, 2000 General Meeting (5/21/00 through 5/25/00) 

  29. Evaluation of BCM Listeria monocytogens Detection System for the Rapid Confirmation of L. monocytogenesin Meat, 2001 General Meeting (5/20/01 through 5/24/01) 

  30. Evaluation of Chromocult Enterococci Agar for the Enumeration of Enterococci in Water, FOOD MICRO 2002 (PDF)

  31. ISOLATION AND IDENTIFICATION OF ENTEROCOCCI FROM FOOD ON A NOVEL CHROMOGENIC MEDIUM. Food Micro 2004 PDF

  32. Zur risikoanalytischen Beurteilung von Bacillus cereus in Milch und Milchprodukten.. In: Deutsche Veterinärmedizinische Gesellschaft: Jahrestagung der Deutschen Veterinärmedizinischen Gesellschaft, Arbeitsgebiet Lebensmittelhygiene, 27.9.-30.9.2005, Garmisch-Partenkirchen (D. Schoder, M. Wagner, M. Manafi, G. Lindner, H. Foissy (2005): )

  33. Comparison of Three Chromogenic Media for Detection of Enterobacter sakazakii; a Preliminary Study, ASM 2005 PDF

PUBLICATIONS

  1. Elektrophoretische Muster löslicher Proteine und Enzyme als Kriterium für die Charakterisierung und Klassifikation der Coliformen-Keimgruppe und von Enterokokken aus Rohmilch (O). Diplomarbeit, Univ. für Bodenkultur (1980).

  2. Nitratgehalte und mikrobiologischer Status von Reformhaus- und Bioprodukten unter besonderer Berücksichtigung von Yersinia enterocolitica (O). Dissertation, Hygiene-Institut der Univ. Wien (1985).

  3. Alternative Ernährung (Ü). Hygiene Aktuell 1:7-8 (1986)

  4. Zur Frage der Nitratgehalte in Obst- und Gemüsesäften aus biologischem und konventionellem Anbau (O). Hygiene Aktuell 2:6-7 (1987)

  5. Zur biochemischen und elektrophoretischen Charkterisierung von Yersinia enterocolitica.(O) Ernährung 11:174-178 (1987)

  6. Nitratgehalte von Obst- und Gemüsesäften aus Reformhäusern sowie Bio- und Alternativläden in Raum Wien (O). Ernährung 11:831-833 (1987)

  7. (ibf aktuell 6.7.1987)

  8. (ibf spektrum 527-528/1987)

  9. (Salzburger Nachrichten 7.7.1987)

  10. (Morgenjournal ORF 12.1.1988)

  11. Nitrate content of fruit and vegetable juices from health food stores and bio-shops in the Vienna area (O). Confructa 32:23-26 (1988)

  12. Die Bedeutung von Yersinia enterocolitica und thermophilen Campylobactern für die Wasserhygiene (O).Zbl. Hyg. 184:501-514 (1987)

  13. Erfahrungen mit dem API-20-EC in der Trinkwasser-Routineuntersuchung (O).Forum Städte-Hygiene 4:159-160 (1988)

  14. Schwermetalle im Wasser (Ü). Hygiene Aktuell 1:5-7 (1989)

  15. Enzymatik in der Wasseranalytik (Ü). Hygiene Aktuell 4:9-10 (1989)

  16. Ein kombiniertes Chromogen-Fluorogen-Medium zum simultanen Nachweis der Coliformengruppe und von E.coli in Wasser (O). Zbl. Hyg. 189:225-234 (1989) A comparison was made with different chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates, 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide (MUG), 4-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucuronide (PNPG), 4-methylumbelliferyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (MUGA), 2-nitrophenyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (ONPG), 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-beta-D-galactopyranoside (X-GAL), for the rapid and simultaneous enumeration of total coliforms and E. coli in water samples, based on 2 commercially available culture-media. The combination of the chromogenic compound X-GAL (for detecting coliforms) and of the fluorogenic compound MUG (for detecting E. coli) incorporated either into ECD agar or into lauryl sulfate broth proved to be most useful. The optimum concentration of the X-GAL/MUG supplement was (50 micrograms/ml/70 micrograms/ml) for the solid medium (EMX agar) and (60 micrograms/ml/70 micrograms/ml) for the fluid medium (LMX broth). As a result of the examination of 244 Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from water samples and clinical material, it was shown that the use of EMX agar (LMX broth) had several advantages over conventional methods. A routine method for the analysis of water samples was proposed involving the EMX agar and the LMX broth.

  17. Application of chromophoric and fluorophoric substrates to rapid and direct identification of bacteria (Ü). Appl. Fluorescence Tech. 6:11-13 (1989)

  18. Organische Schadstoffe im Wasser (Ü). Hygiene Aktuell 2:32-34 (1990)

  19. Die mikrobiologische Beschaffenheit von Reformhaus- und Bioprodukten im Raum Wien (O). Ernährung 14:130-134 (1990)

  20. (Beitrag im ZIB 1, 20.6.1990)

  21. (Konsument, Jänner 1991)

  22. (Ö-2 Beitrag in "Erde, Feuer, Wasser, Luft", 21.1.1991)

  23. Rapid methods for differentiating Gram-positive from Gram-negative aerobic and facultative anaerobic bacteria (O). J. Appl. Bacteriol 60: 822-827 (1990) Different tests based on lysis by KOH and on reaction with fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates, L-alanine-4-nitroanilide (LANA); L-alanine-4-methoxy- beta-naphthylamide (MNA); 4-alanine-2-amidoacridone (AAA); L-alanine-7-amido- 4-methylcoumarin (AAMC); 8-anilino-1-naphthalene-sulphonic acid (ANS) were compared for their suitability to distinguish Gram-positive from Gram-negative bacteria. A concentration of 100 micrograms/ml was chosen for incorporating LANA, AAA, AAMC and ANS into the growth medium, based on sensitivity tests. MNA did not show any detectable reaction over a concentration range from 50 to 200 micrograms/ml, and led to inhibition of all bacteria at 200 micrograms/ml. In the examination of a total of 146 bacterial strains, including Yersinia enterocolitica, Bacillus cereus, and B. subtilis the KOH test was not comparable with the Gram staining. A good correlation with Gram staining was found between LANA, AAA and AAMC added to plate count agar on one hand, and LANA and AAMC impregnated paper strips on the other hand, thereby utilizing the aminopeptidase activity. Agar containing ANS showed detectable fluorescence with all Gram-negative strains, but with Staphylococcus aureus and Staph. epidermidis a weak reaction was also observed. AAMC was selected for a rapid paper strip test. With this substrate a pronounced blue fluorescence was obtained with Gram-negative colonies.

  24. Schnellnachweis von Bakterien mittels fluorogener und chromogener Substrate (Ü). Forum Städte-Hygiene 41:181-184 (1990)

  25. Trends in der Mikrobiologie (Ü). ÖMZ 1:8-9 (1991)

  26. Enzymatik in der Bakteriendiagnostik (Ü). Hygiene Aktuell 1:61-64 (1991) 

  27. Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Substrates Used in Bacterial Diagnostic (PDF). Microbiol. Rev. 55:335-348, (1991) Methods based on the application of chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates enable specific and rapid detection of a variety of bacterial enzymatic activities. By using these techniques, enzymatic reactions can be examined simultaneously or individually, either directly on the isolation plate or in cell suspensions. For this purpose, various testing principles and test kits for clinical and food microbiology have been introduced successfully during the last few years. In this paper we present a survey of different enzymes of microbial origin that are utilized for microbiological identification and differentiation and the corresponding methods. Particular emphasis is given to the examination of Escherichia coli and the description of the different techniques as used in routine analysis.

  28. Rapid Identification of Candida albicans by Fluoroplate Candida Agar (O). J. Microbiol. Meth. 14:103-107 (1991) 150 clinical isolates of Candida species, Trichosporon species and Pichia anomala as well as 32 yeasts isolated from dairy products were tested in order to evaluate the utilization of a specific fluorogenic substrate in direct detection of Candida albicans. Detection of Image (NAGase) was performed with fluoroplate candida agar (Merck, Darmstadt, FRG), which contained Image (4-MUAG). The API 20C yeast identification system was used as a reference identification method for all isolates. The results of our investigations showed that 99% of C. albicans and all strains of C. stellatoidea examined were NAGase-positive. There were two false positive reactions of four C. tropicalis isolates and one false positive reaction of three Trichosporon beigelii strains.

  29. A New Plate Medium for Rapid Presumptive Identification and Differentiation of Enterobacteriaceae (O).  Int. J. Food Microbiol. 14:127-134 (1991) A new selective differential agar medium for rapid presumptive identification of Enterobacteriaceae from water and food samples is described (EMX ID agar). By a combination of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates, the medium detects the presence of beta-D-glucuronidase, beta-D-galactosidase, beta-D-xylosidase, tryptophane deaminase and H2S; additionally, cytochrome-oxidase and indole production can be demonstrated. This medium provides an inexpensive means for simple and rapid presumptive identification of E. coli and coliforms and for the differentiation within the Klebsiella-Enterobacter and the Proteus-Providencia-Morganella group. Furthermore, it allows to distinguish between the H2S-positive Enterobacteriaceae Citrobacter freundii, Salmonella spp., S. arizonae, Edwardsiella, Proteus mirabilis, P. vulgaris and some oxidase-positive bacteria.

  30. Comparsion of Three Rapid Screening Methods for Salmonella spp.: MUCAP Test, Microscreen R Latex and Rambach Agar (O).Lett. of Appl. Microbiology 14: 163-166 (1992).

  31. Diagnostik von Mikroorganismen mittels fluorogener und chromogener Substrate (V). Ernährung 15:581-586 (1991)

  32. Fluorogenic and Chromogenic Substrates -a Promising Tool in Microbiology (V). Acta Microbiol. Hung. 38:293-304 (1991) During the last few years the use of fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates for rapid and sensitive detection of bacteria has proved to be a powerful alternative to traditional methods. These sophisticated substrates might find widespread application in, for instance, the assay of clinically important enzymes, flow cytometry, and direct epifluorescent filter technique. Specific enzyme detection offers another approach to differential identification and characterization of viable bacteria from a sample. The use of some chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates specific for bacterial enzymes and their applications to microbial identification is reported. Particular emphasis is given to the examination of Escherichia coli and the description of the different techniques as used in routine analysis.

  33. Yersinia enterocolitica - ein Überblick und die Bedeutung in der Lebensmittelhygiene (V).Labor Aktuell, 6:17-20 (1991).

  34. Adaptation of Two Commercially Available DNA Probes for the Detection of E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus to Selected Fields of Dairy Hygiene -an Exemplary Study (O).Zbl. Hyg. 192:544-553 (1992). The application of two commercially available colorimetric DNA hybridization tests (GENE-TRAK E. coli and Staphylococcus aureus) to selected aspects of dairy hygiene was investigated. Bacterial isolates of different origin, naturally contaminated cheese varieties, nonfat dry milk, milk concentrates, artificially contaminated milk and raw milks from udder quarters were examined. Based on the observation that the sensitivity of the E. coli DNA probe was comparable to that of the beta-D-glucuronidase-based fluorescence reaction (with 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-beta-D-glucuronide) of E. coli strains in Fluorocult lauryl sulfate broth, a Most Probable Number technique for enumerating E. coli in cheese using the DNA probe was developed. Another specific DNA probe was applied for the detection of S. aureus as a mastitis agent. By using a modified sample preparation, specific diagnosis of this microorganism in milk from udder quarters was enabled within 6 hours. This procedure is recommended to be used in screening tests. Based on the examples presented the potential of these tests in several fields of hygiene was illustrated.

  35. Medizinalbäder aus hygienischer Sicht (V).Hygiene Aktuell 1:15-19 (1992)

  36. Medizinalbäder aus hygienischer Sicht (V). Bäder+Kommunaltechnik 3:15-20 (1993)

  37. Beschaffenheit von Trinkwasser (Aktuelles aus der Wasserhygiene) (V).Öst. Hochschulzeitung 6:9 (1992)

  38. Enzymatic profile of Plesiomonas shigelloides (O). J. Microbiol. Meth. 16:175-180 (1992). The enzymatic activities of thirteen strains of Plesiomonas shigelloides were studied using the API enzyme research kit. This system uses chromogenic substrates to detect the presence or absence of 97 enzymes. Enzyme classes assayed include aminopeptidases, glycosidases, esterases, lipases, phosphatases and phosphoamidase. These strains were positive for 48 enzymes: 38 arylamidases, 7 esterases, alkaline phosphatase, acid phosphatase and Image. In contrast, 31 enzyme tests were negative in all strains. 18 enzymatic reactions were different in one or more strains. The results of tests for glycosidases were very heterogenous.

  39. Enzymatic Profile of Toxoplasma gondii.(O) Lett. Appl. Microbiol 16:66-68 (1993).

  40. Enzyme activities of Borrelia strains (O). in "Genetic approaches to cell biology and metabolism of spirochetes von C. W. Penn et al. Res. Microbiol. 143:605-613 (1992) (as part of publication)

  41. Rapid identification of enterococci with a new fluorogenic-Chromogenic assay (O). Wat. Sci. Tech. 27:271-274 (1993).

  42. Lebensmittel-Infektionen und -intoxikationen (Ü).Hygiene Aktuell 2:29-41 (1993).

  43. Schnellmethoden in der mikrobiologischen Diagnostik basierend auf der Anwendung fluorogener und chromogener Substanzen (Ü). Labor Aktuell, 5:15-21. (1993)

  44. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über Enzymmuster unterschiedlich kultivierter Toxoplasmen (O): Mitt. Österr. Ges. Tropenmed. Parasitol. 15:113-118 (1993)

  45. Comparsion of rapid methods using fluorogenic-chromogenic assays for detecting Candida albicans (O). Lett Appl. Microbiol.18:47-49 (1994).

  46. Comparsion of Vitek, API 20E and GENE-TRAKR systems for Identification of Yersinia enterocolitica (O). Lett Appl. Microbiol.18:90-92 (1994).

  47. Enzyme activities of Lyme disease and relapsing fever borreliae  Lett Appl. Microbiol.19:149-152 (1994)

  48. Comparsion of three Rapid Methods for identification of Salmonella spp.: MUCAP Test, SM ID Agar and Rambach Agar (O). Lett. of Appl. Microbiology 19:328-331 (1994)

  49. Characterization and Check of Identity of Different Strains of Toxoplasma gondii by Enzymatic Profiling.(O) J. Protozool. Res. 4:48-55 (1994).

  50. Probenahmeerfordernisse für die bakteriologischen Untersuchungen, Bäder+Kommunaltechnik 5:46-48 (1994).

  51. E. coli - ein Überblick und die Bedeutung in der Lebensmittelhygiene. Hygiene Aktuell Nr 1:21-22 (1994)

  52. Evaluation of a new chromogenic agar medium for the identification of urinary tract pathogens Lett. of Appl. Microbiology 20:300-302 (1995) This study evaluated the performance of CPS ID2 (bioMerieux) compared to that of conventionally used selective agar for the identification of bacteria responsible for urinary tract infections. This medium detects bacterial enzymes using chromogenic substrates. Two hundred and nineteen samples of urine were tested in order to evaluate new CPS ID2 in comparison to blood agar and MacConkey agar. According to our results, the CPS ID2 agar is an easy, rapid and sensitive method for the screening of colonies suspected of being Escherichia coli, reducing the number of biochemical tests needed. Also, enterococci and Proteae can be easily detected. Other micro-organisms require further identification. The greatest value of this medium is the accurate identification of polymicrobial cultures.

  53. Welche Hygieneprobleme treten in einer modernen Sauna auf, Bäder+Kommunaltechnik 4:46-47 (1995).

  54. Fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates in culture media and identification tests. Int. J. Food Microbiol.31:45-58, (1996) PDF Rapid detection and identification of microorganisms is extremely important in many fields of applied and research microbiology. In general, fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates have proved to be a powerful tool, utilizing specific enzymatic activities of certain microorganisms, either in parallel with or instead of traditional methods. By incorporation of synthetic fluorogenic or chromogenic substrates into primary selective media, enumeration and detection can be performed directly on the isolation plate. The introduction of many of these media and identification tests has led to improved accuracy and faster detection of target organisms, often reducing the need for isolation of pure cultures and confirmatory tests.

  55. Probenahmeerfordernisse für die bakteriologischen Untersuchungen, Bäder+Kommunaltechnik 6:43-45 (1996)

  56. Use Of Enzyme Tests In Characterization and Identification Of Aerobic and Facultative Anaerobic Gram Positive Cocci J- Clinical Microbiol. Rev.11:318-340 (1998) PDF The contribution of enzyme tests to the accurate and rapid routine identification of gram-positive cocci is introduced. The current taxonomy of the genera of aerobic and facultatively anaerobic cocci based on genotypic and phenotypic characterization is reviewed. The clinical and economic importance of members of these taxa is briefly summarized. Tables summarizing test schemes and kits available for the identification of staphylococci, enterococci, and streptococci on the basis of general requirements, number of tests, number of taxa, test classes, and completion times are discussed. Enzyme tests included in each scheme are compared on the basis of their synthetic moiety. The current understanding of the activity of enzymes important for classification and identification of the major groups, methods of testing, and relevance to the ease and speed of identification are reviewed. Publications describing the use of different identification kits are listed, and overall identification successes and problems are discussed. The relationships between the results of conventional biochemical and rapid enzyme tests are described and considered. The use of synthetic substrates for the detection of glycosidases and peptidases is reviewed, and the advantages of fluorogenic synthetic moieties are discussed. The relevance of enzyme tests to accurate and meaningful rapid routine identification is discussed. 

  57. Culture media containing fluorogenic and chromogenic substrates. De Ware (n)-Chemicus 28:12-17 (1998)

  58. Evaluation of CHROMagar Candida for rapid  screening of clinical specimens for Candida species  Mycoses, 42: 61-65 (1999). PDF CHROMagar Candida is a new differential culture medium that allows selective isolation of yeasts and simultaneously identifies colonies of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida tropicalis and Candida krusei. We evaluated this medium and compared it with a reference medium, Sabouraud glucose agar, for the presumptive identification of yeast species isolated directly on the medium from 1150 clinical specimens. A total of 731 specimens showed no growth, 299 isolates (70.2%) showed growth to the same extent on both media. Forty mixed cultures were detected on both media. More than one isolate was detected in 30 of the tested specimens on either CHROMagar (26 specimens) or Sabouraud glucose agar (four specimens). We found a sensitivity of 98.8% and a specificity of 100% for C. albicans, 66.7% and 99.8% for C. tropicalis, 100% and 100% for C. krusei, and 98% and 95.7% for C. glabrata. Regarding these results, CHROMagar Candida is recommended as a useful isolation medium capable of the presumptive identification of yeasts and better detection of mixed cultures in clinical specimens.

  59. Die Diagnostik enterohäorrhagischer E. coli (EHEC) in Lebensmitteln: Aktueller Stand. Labor aktuell, 7:5-10 (1999).

  60. An evaluation of a new chromogenic/fluorogenic microbiology media system for detection of total coliforms and E.coli in water. Asian Enviromental Technology,3:7-8 (1999).

  61. Quantitative determination of total coliforms and Escherichia coli in marine waters with chromogenic and fluorogenic media. J. Appl. Bacteriol. 88, 280-285 (2000). PDF This study compared the performance of LMX(R) broth (LMX), Chromocult Coliform(R) agar (CC) and Chromocult Coliform agar plus cefsulodin (10 microg ml-1) (CC-CFS), with standard methods multiple tube fermentation (MTF), for the enumeration of total coliforms and Escherichia coli from marine recreational waters. LMX and CC are two media designed to concurrently detect total coliform (TC) bacteria and E. coli by the specific action of beta-galactosidase (total coliforms) and beta-glucuronidase (E. coli). Overall results for the TC test showed that LMX, CC and MTF recovered 2.63, 1.95 and 1.90 times as many TCs as CC-CFS, respectively. Data from the multiple range test showed significant differences (P < 0.05) between TC counts on CC-CFS and LMX. The traditional MTF was less sensitive for E. coli enumeration. However, there was no statistically significant differences between LMX, CC, CC-CFS and the MTF method for E. coli enumeration. Background interference was reduced on CC-CFS and the counts obtained reflected more accurately the number of TCs. Therefore, the contribution of beta-galactosidase positive, non coliform bacteria (Aeromonas spp. and Vibrio spp.) to TC counts should not be neglected.

  62. New developments in chromogenic and fluorogenic culture media. Int J Food Microbiol 2000  60:205-218 (2000) PDF This review describes some recent developments in chromogenic and fluorogenic culture media in microbiological diagnostic. The detection of beta-D-glucuronidase (GUD) activity for enumeration of Escherichia coli is well known. E. coli O157:H7 strains are usually GUD-negative and do not ferment sorbitol. These characteristics are used in selective media for these organisms and new chromogenic media are available. Some of the new chromogenic media make the Salmonella diagnostic easier and faster. The use of chromogenic and fluorogenic substrates for detection of beta-D-glucosidase (beta-GLU) activity to differentiate enterococci has received considerable attention and new media are described. Rapid detection of Clostridium perfringens, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus are other application of enzyme detection methods in food and water microbiology.

  63. Comparative evaluation of different chromogenic/fluorogenic media for detecting Escherichia coli O157:H7 in food. Int J Food Microbiol 2001 Dec 30;71(2-3):257-62.PDF  

    Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serious and common human pathogen that can cause diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis, and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). This study evaluated the enrichment, detection and confirmation procedures for the isolation of E. coli O157:H7 from raw ground beef and raw drinking milk. The purpose of this investigation was to compare Rainbow Agar O157 (RB; Biolog, Hayward, USA), Biosynth Culture Medium O157:H7 (BCM O157:H7; Biosynth, Staad, Switzerland) and Fluorocult HC (HC; Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) with the conventional Sorbitol MacConkey Agar (SMAC, Merck) using mEC + n (raw ground beef) and mTSB + n (raw milk) enrichment media. Single-path GLISA test (Gold Labeled Immuno Sorbent Assay; Merck) was used as the confirmation test. Growth of 466 strains of gram-negative rods isolated from food samples and 46 known E. coli strains from type culture and other collections (34 E. coli O157:H7 strains and 12 serotypes other than E. coli O157:H7) was examined on the agar media. The E. coli O157:H7 strains could readily be isolated and recognized uniquely by their typical black/grey colonies on RB and blue/black colonies on BCM O157:H7. Examination of the 46 known strains of E. coli reference strains showed false negative results on BCM O157:H7 (3.0%), RB (8.8%), HC (5.9%) and SMAC (5.9%) agars. On BCM O157:H7 no false negative results were found with the typical E. coli O157:H7 (beta-D-glucuronidase and sorbitol negative strains). One of two atypical E. coli O157:H7 strains (beta-D-glucuronidase positive) showed similar colouration to the typical strains and was mis-identified by each of the three media (RB, BCM O157:H7, and SMAC agar media). None of the 60 food samples tested yielded E. coli O157:H7. Examination of the food samples, showed that RB gave the lowest number of false positives. The percentages were RB (2.1%), BCM O157:H7 (3.3%), HC (6.2%), and SMAC (57.3%).

  64. Performance of candida ID, a new chromogenic medium for presumptive identification of Candida species, in comparison to CHROMagar Candida. J Clin Microbiol 2001 Oct;39(10):3793-3795.PDF Candida ID agar allows identification of Candida albicans and differentiation of other Candida species. In comparison with CHROMagar Candida, we evaluated the performance of this medium directly from 596 clinical specimens. In particular, detection of C. albicans after 24 h of incubation was easier on Candida ID (sensitivity, 96.8%) than on CHROMagar (sensitivity, 49.6%).

  65. New approaches for the fast detection of microorganisms in food and water using enzyme detection method (EDM). Forum Nutr,(2003) 56:417-418

  66. Characterization of Pathogenic Escherichia coli Isolated from Humans in Austria: Phenotypes, Toxin Gene Types and Epidemiology. J. Vet. Med. B51, 288-292 (2004), M. Wagner, F. Allerberger, M. Manafi, G. Lindner, A. W. Friedrich, A.-K. Sonntag and H. Foissy. PDF  

  67. Comparison of a New Commercial Test, GLABRATA RTT, with a Dipstick Test for Rapid Identification of Candida glabrata , B. Willinger, S. Wein,  A.M. Hirschl,  M. L. Rotter, and M. Manafi, J. CLIN. MICROBIOL., 43:499–501(2005).PDF

  68. Discrimination Efficacy of Fecal Pollution Detection in Different Aquatic Habitats of a High-Altitude Tropical Country, Using Presumptive Coliforms, Escherichia coli, and Clostridium perfringens Spores. APPL. ENVIRON. MICROBIOL. 71: 65–71(2005)  D. Byamukama, R.L. Mach, F. Kansiime, M. Manafi, and A.H. Farnleitner. PDF

  69. Contrasting occurrence of Chromobacterium violaceum in tropical drinking water springs of Uganda, Denis Byamukama, Frank Kansiime, Andreas H. Farnleitner, Martina Burtscher, Robert L. Mach and Mohamad Manafi J. water health (2005), 3: 229-238

     

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