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You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Nominative: | koʃtalmaʃ |
Genitive: | koʃtalmaʃən |
Dative: | koʃtalmaʃlan |
Accusative: | koʃtalmaʃəm |
Comparative: | koʃtalmaʃla |
Comitative: | koʃtalmaʃge |
Inessive: | koʃtalmaʃte, koʃtalmaʃəʃte |
Illative: | koʃtalmaʃke, koʃtalmaʃəʃ(ke) |
Lative: | koʃtalmaʃeʃ |
1SG: | koʃtalmaʃem |
2SG: | koʃtalmaʃet |
3SG: | koʃtalmaʃːe, koʃtalmaʃəʒ(e) |
1PL: | koʃtalmaʃna |
2PL: | koʃtalmaʃda |
3PL: | koʃtalmaʃəʃt |
Plural (1): | koʃtalmaʃ-βlak |
Plural (2): | koʃtalmaʃ-ʃamət͡ɕ |
Short Plural: | koʃtalmaʃla |
Sociative Plural: | koʃtalmaʃmət |
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative: | koʃtalmaʃem | koʃtalmaʃ-βlak | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakem, koʃtalmaʃem-βlak |
Genitive: | koʃtalmaʃemən | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakən | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakemən, koʃtalmaʃem-βlakən |
Dative: | koʃtalmaʃemlan, koʃtalmaʃlanem | koʃtalmaʃ-βlaklan | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakemlan, koʃtalmaʃem-βlaklan |
Accusative: | koʃtalmaʃeməm | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakəm | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakeməm, koʃtalmaʃem-βlakəm |
Comparative: | koʃtalmaʃemla, koʃtalmaʃlam | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakla | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakemla, koʃtalmaʃem-βlakla |
Comitative: | koʃtalmaʃemge | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakge | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakemge, koʃtalmaʃem-βlakge |
Inessive: | koʃtalmaʃtem, koʃtalmaʃəʃtem | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakəʃte | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakəʃtem, koʃtalmaʃem-βlakəʃte |
Illative: | koʃtalmaʃkem, koʃtalmaʃəʃkem | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakəʃ(ke) | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakəʃkem, koʃtalmaʃem-βlakəʃ(ke) |
Lative: | koʃtalmaʃeʃem | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakeʃ | koʃtalmaʃ-βlakeʃem, koʃtalmaʃem-βlakeʃ |
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Last update: 10 August 2023 |