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You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Nominative: | penal |
Genitive: | penalə̑n |
Dative: | penallan |
Accusative: | penalə̑m |
Comparative: | penalla |
Comitative: | penalge |
Inessive: | penalə̑šte |
Illative: | penalə̑š(ke) |
Lative: | penaleš |
1SG: | penalem |
2SG: | penalet |
3SG: | penalže |
1PL: | penalna |
2PL: | penalda |
3PL: | penalə̑št |
Plural (1): | penal-βlak |
Plural (2): | penal-šamə̑č́ |
Short Plural: | penalla |
Sociative Plural: | penalmə̑t |
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
---|---|---|---|
Nominative: | penalem | penal-βlak | penal-βlakem, penalem-βlak |
Genitive: | penalemə̑n | penal-βlakə̑n | penal-βlakemə̑n, penalem-βlakə̑n |
Dative: | penalemlan, penallanem | penal-βlaklan | penal-βlakemlan, penalem-βlaklan |
Accusative: | penalemə̑m | penal-βlakə̑m | penal-βlakemə̑m, penalem-βlakə̑m |
Comparative: | penalemla, penallam | penal-βlakla | penal-βlakemla, penalem-βlakla |
Comitative: | penalemge | penal-βlakge | penal-βlakemge, penalem-βlakge |
Inessive: | penalə̑štem | penal-βlakə̑šte | penal-βlakə̑štem, penalem-βlakə̑šte |
Illative: | penalə̑škem | penal-βlakə̑š(ke) | penal-βlakə̑škem, penalem-βlakə̑š(ke) |
Lative: | penalešem | penal-βlakeš | penal-βlakešem, penalem-βlakeš |
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Last update: 10 August 2023 |