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Paradigm Generator
Indicative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβalam | om köβal |
| 2SG: | köβalat | ot köβal |
| 3SG: | köβaleš | ok/ogeš köβal |
| 1PL: | köβalə̑na | ona/ogə̑na köβal |
| 2PL: | köβalə̑da | oda/ogə̑da köβal |
| 3PL: | köβalə̑t | ogə̑t köβal |
Indicative Simple Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβal'ə̑m | šə̑m köβal |
| 2SG: | köβal'ə̑č́ | šə̑č́ köβal |
| 3SG: | köβal'e | ə̑š köβal |
| 1PL: | köβalna | ə̑šna köβal |
| 2PL: | köβalda | ə̑šda köβal |
| 3PL: | köβal'ə̑č́ | ə̑št köβal |
Indicative Simple Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβalə̑nam | köβalə̑n omə̑l |
| 2SG: | köβalə̑nat | köβalə̑n otə̑l |
| 3SG: | köβalə̑n | köβalə̑n ogə̑l |
| 1PL: | köβalə̑nna | köβalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal |
| 2PL: | köβalə̑nda | köβalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal |
| 3PL: | köβalə̑nə̑t | köβalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l |
Indicative Compound Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβalam ə̑l'e | om köβal ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | köβalat ə̑l'e | ot köβal ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | köβaleš ə̑l'e | ok/ogeš köβal ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | köβalə̑na ə̑l'e | ona/ogə̑na köβal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | köβalə̑da ə̑l'e | oda/ogə̑da köβal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | köβalə̑t ə̑l'e | ogə̑t köβal ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβalam ulmaš | om köβal ulmaš |
| 2SG: | köβalat ulmaš | ot köβal ulmaš |
| 3SG: | köβaleš ulmaš | ok/ogeš köβal ulmaš |
| 1PL: | köβalə̑na ulmaš | ona/ogə̑na köβal ulmaš |
| 2PL: | köβalə̑da ulmaš | oda/ogə̑da köβal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | köβalə̑t ulmaš | ogə̑t köβal ulmaš |
Indicative Compound Past III
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβalə̑nam ə̑l'e | köβalə̑n omə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | köβalə̑nat ə̑l'e | köβalə̑n otə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | köβalə̑n ə̑l'e | köβalə̑n ogə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | köβalə̑nna ə̑l'e | köβalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | köβalə̑nda ə̑l'e | köβalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | köβalə̑nə̑t ə̑l'e | köβalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past IV
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβalə̑nam ulmaš | köβalə̑n omə̑l ulmaš |
| 2SG: | köβalə̑nat ulmaš | köβalə̑n otə̑l ulmaš |
| 3SG: | köβalə̑n ulmaš | köβalə̑n ogə̑l ulmaš |
| 1PL: | köβalə̑nna ulmaš | köβalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ulmaš |
| 2PL: | köβalə̑nda ulmaš | köβalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | köβalə̑nə̑t ulmaš | köβalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ulmaš |
Imperative
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | köβal | it köβal |
| 3SG: | köβalže | ə̑nže köβal |
| 1PL: | (köβalə̑na) | (ona/ogə̑na köβal) |
| 2PL: | köβalza | ida köβal |
| 3PL: | köβalə̑št | ə̑nə̑št köβal |
Desiderative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβalnem | ə̑nem köβal |
| 2SG: | köβalnet | ə̑net köβal |
| 3SG: | köβalneže | ə̑než köβal |
| 1PL: | köβalnena | ə̑nena köβal |
| 2PL: | köβalneda | ə̑neda köβal |
| 3PL: | köβalnešt | ə̑nešt köβal |
Desiderative Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | köβalnem ə̑l'e | ə̑nem köβal ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | köβalnena ə̑l'e | ə̑net köβal ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | köβalneže ə̑l'e | ə̑než köβal ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | köβalnena ə̑l'e | ə̑nena köβal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | köβalneda ə̑l'e | ə̑neda köβal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | köβalnešt ə̑l'e | ə̑nešt köβal ə̑l'e |
Desiderative Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | köβalnet ulmaš | ə̑net köβal ulmaš |
| 3SG: | köβalneže ulmaš | ə̑než köβal ulmaš |
| 1PL: | / | / |
| 2PL: | köβalneda ulmaš | ə̑neda köβal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | köβalnešt ulmaš | ə̑nešt köβal ulmaš |
Non-finite forms
| Infinitive: | köβalaš |
| Necessitive infinitive: | köβalman |
| Active participle: | köβalše |
| Passive participle: | köβalme |
| Future-necessitive participle: | köβalšaš |
| Negative participle: | köβaldə̑me |
| Affirmative instructive gerund: | köβalə̑n |
| Negative gerund: | köβalde |
| Gerund of prior action: | köβalmek(e) |
| Gerund of future action: | köβalmeš(ke) |
| Gerund of simultaneous action: | köβalšə̑la |
| Nominalization: | köβalmaš |
| Negative nominalization: | köβaldə̑maš |
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| The Mari Web Project is primarily based at the Department of Finno-Ugric Studies at the University of Vienna. The second stage of the project is being funded by the Kone Foundation: The Mari Web Project: Phase 2. Some of our work is carried out at the Institute of Finno-Ugric and Uralic Studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. | ||
| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||