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Paradigm Generator
Indicative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkalam | om punkal |
| 2SG: | punkalat | ot punkal |
| 3SG: | punkaleš | ok/ogeš punkal |
| 1PL: | punkalə̑na | ona/ogə̑na punkal |
| 2PL: | punkalə̑da | oda/ogə̑da punkal |
| 3PL: | punkalə̑t | ogə̑t punkal |
Indicative Simple Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkal'ə̑m | šə̑m punkal |
| 2SG: | punkal'ə̑č́ | šə̑č́ punkal |
| 3SG: | punkal'e | ə̑š punkal |
| 1PL: | punkalna | ə̑šna punkal |
| 2PL: | punkalda | ə̑šda punkal |
| 3PL: | punkal'ə̑č́ | ə̑št punkal |
Indicative Simple Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkalə̑nam | punkalə̑n omə̑l |
| 2SG: | punkalə̑nat | punkalə̑n otə̑l |
| 3SG: | punkalə̑n | punkalə̑n ogə̑l |
| 1PL: | punkalə̑nna | punkalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal |
| 2PL: | punkalə̑nda | punkalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal |
| 3PL: | punkalə̑nə̑t | punkalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l |
Indicative Compound Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkalam ə̑l'e | om punkal ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | punkalat ə̑l'e | ot punkal ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | punkaleš ə̑l'e | ok/ogeš punkal ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | punkalə̑na ə̑l'e | ona/ogə̑na punkal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | punkalə̑da ə̑l'e | oda/ogə̑da punkal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | punkalə̑t ə̑l'e | ogə̑t punkal ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkalam ulmaš | om punkal ulmaš |
| 2SG: | punkalat ulmaš | ot punkal ulmaš |
| 3SG: | punkaleš ulmaš | ok/ogeš punkal ulmaš |
| 1PL: | punkalə̑na ulmaš | ona/ogə̑na punkal ulmaš |
| 2PL: | punkalə̑da ulmaš | oda/ogə̑da punkal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | punkalə̑t ulmaš | ogə̑t punkal ulmaš |
Indicative Compound Past III
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkalə̑nam ə̑l'e | punkalə̑n omə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | punkalə̑nat ə̑l'e | punkalə̑n otə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | punkalə̑n ə̑l'e | punkalə̑n ogə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | punkalə̑nna ə̑l'e | punkalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | punkalə̑nda ə̑l'e | punkalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | punkalə̑nə̑t ə̑l'e | punkalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past IV
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkalə̑nam ulmaš | punkalə̑n omə̑l ulmaš |
| 2SG: | punkalə̑nat ulmaš | punkalə̑n otə̑l ulmaš |
| 3SG: | punkalə̑n ulmaš | punkalə̑n ogə̑l ulmaš |
| 1PL: | punkalə̑nna ulmaš | punkalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ulmaš |
| 2PL: | punkalə̑nda ulmaš | punkalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | punkalə̑nə̑t ulmaš | punkalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ulmaš |
Imperative
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | punkal | it punkal |
| 3SG: | punkalže | ə̑nže punkal |
| 1PL: | (punkalə̑na) | (ona/ogə̑na punkal) |
| 2PL: | punkalza | ida punkal |
| 3PL: | punkalə̑št | ə̑nə̑št punkal |
Desiderative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkalnem | ə̑nem punkal |
| 2SG: | punkalnet | ə̑net punkal |
| 3SG: | punkalneže | ə̑než punkal |
| 1PL: | punkalnena | ə̑nena punkal |
| 2PL: | punkalneda | ə̑neda punkal |
| 3PL: | punkalnešt | ə̑nešt punkal |
Desiderative Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | punkalnem ə̑l'e | ə̑nem punkal ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | punkalnena ə̑l'e | ə̑net punkal ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | punkalneže ə̑l'e | ə̑než punkal ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | punkalnena ə̑l'e | ə̑nena punkal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | punkalneda ə̑l'e | ə̑neda punkal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | punkalnešt ə̑l'e | ə̑nešt punkal ə̑l'e |
Desiderative Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | punkalnet ulmaš | ə̑net punkal ulmaš |
| 3SG: | punkalneže ulmaš | ə̑než punkal ulmaš |
| 1PL: | / | / |
| 2PL: | punkalneda ulmaš | ə̑neda punkal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | punkalnešt ulmaš | ə̑nešt punkal ulmaš |
Non-finite forms
| Infinitive: | punkalaš |
| Necessitive infinitive: | punkalman |
| Active participle: | punkalše |
| Passive participle: | punkalme |
| Future-necessitive participle: | punkalšaš |
| Negative participle: | punkaldə̑me |
| Affirmative instructive gerund: | punkalə̑n |
| Negative gerund: | punkalde |
| Gerund of prior action: | punkalmek(e) |
| Gerund of future action: | punkalmeš(ke) |
| Gerund of simultaneous action: | punkalšə̑la |
| Nominalization: | punkalmaš |
| Negative nominalization: | punkaldə̑maš |
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| The Mari Web Project is primarily based at the Department of Finno-Ugric Studies at the University of Vienna. The second stage of the project is being funded by the Kone Foundation: The Mari Web Project: Phase 2. Some of our work is carried out at the Institute of Finno-Ugric and Uralic Studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. | ||
| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||