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Paradigm Generator
Indicative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštkam | om ruštk |
| 2SG: | ruštkat | ot ruštk |
| 3SG: | ruštkeš | ok/ogeš ruštk |
| 1PL: | ruštkə̑na | ona/ogə̑na ruštk |
| 2PL: | ruštkə̑da | oda/ogə̑da ruštk |
| 3PL: | ruštkə̑t | ogə̑t ruštk |
Indicative Simple Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštkə̑m | šə̑m ruštk |
| 2SG: | ruštkə̑č́ | šə̑č́ ruštk |
| 3SG: | ruštko | ə̑š ruštk |
| 1PL: | ruštkna | ə̑šna ruštk |
| 2PL: | ruštkda | ə̑šda ruštk |
| 3PL: | ruštkə̑č́ | ə̑št ruštk |
Indicative Simple Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštkə̑nam | ruštkə̑n omə̑l |
| 2SG: | ruštkə̑nat | ruštkə̑n otə̑l |
| 3SG: | ruštkə̑n | ruštkə̑n ogə̑l |
| 1PL: | ruštkə̑nna | ruštkə̑n onal/ogə̑nal |
| 2PL: | ruštkə̑nda | ruštkə̑n odal/ogə̑dal |
| 3PL: | ruštkə̑nə̑t | ruštkə̑n ogə̑tə̑l |
Indicative Compound Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštkam ə̑l'e | om ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | ruštkat ə̑l'e | ot ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | ruštkeš ə̑l'e | ok/ogeš ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | ruštkə̑na ə̑l'e | ona/ogə̑na ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | ruštkə̑da ə̑l'e | oda/ogə̑da ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | ruštkə̑t ə̑l'e | ogə̑t ruštk ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštkam ulmaš | om ruštk ulmaš |
| 2SG: | ruštkat ulmaš | ot ruštk ulmaš |
| 3SG: | ruštkeš ulmaš | ok/ogeš ruštk ulmaš |
| 1PL: | ruštkə̑na ulmaš | ona/ogə̑na ruštk ulmaš |
| 2PL: | ruštkə̑da ulmaš | oda/ogə̑da ruštk ulmaš |
| 3PL: | ruštkə̑t ulmaš | ogə̑t ruštk ulmaš |
Indicative Compound Past III
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštkə̑nam ə̑l'e | ruštkə̑n omə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | ruštkə̑nat ə̑l'e | ruštkə̑n otə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | ruštkə̑n ə̑l'e | ruštkə̑n ogə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | ruštkə̑nna ə̑l'e | ruštkə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | ruštkə̑nda ə̑l'e | ruštkə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | ruštkə̑nə̑t ə̑l'e | ruštkə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past IV
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštkə̑nam ulmaš | ruštkə̑n omə̑l ulmaš |
| 2SG: | ruštkə̑nat ulmaš | ruštkə̑n otə̑l ulmaš |
| 3SG: | ruštkə̑n ulmaš | ruštkə̑n ogə̑l ulmaš |
| 1PL: | ruštkə̑nna ulmaš | ruštkə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ulmaš |
| 2PL: | ruštkə̑nda ulmaš | ruštkə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | ruštkə̑nə̑t ulmaš | ruštkə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ulmaš |
Imperative
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | ruštk | it ruštk |
| 3SG: | ruštkšo | ə̑nže ruštk |
| 1PL: | (ruštkə̑na) | (ona/ogə̑na ruštk) |
| 2PL: | ruštksa | ida ruštk |
| 3PL: | ruštkə̑št | ə̑nə̑št ruštk |
Desiderative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštknem | ə̑nem ruštk |
| 2SG: | ruštknet | ə̑net ruštk |
| 3SG: | ruštkneže | ə̑než ruštk |
| 1PL: | ruštknena | ə̑nena ruštk |
| 2PL: | ruštkneda | ə̑neda ruštk |
| 3PL: | ruštknešt | ə̑nešt ruštk |
Desiderative Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | ruštknem ə̑l'e | ə̑nem ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | ruštknena ə̑l'e | ə̑net ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | ruštkneže ə̑l'e | ə̑než ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | ruštknena ə̑l'e | ə̑nena ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | ruštkneda ə̑l'e | ə̑neda ruštk ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | ruštknešt ə̑l'e | ə̑nešt ruštk ə̑l'e |
Desiderative Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | ruštknet ulmaš | ə̑net ruštk ulmaš |
| 3SG: | ruštkneže ulmaš | ə̑než ruštk ulmaš |
| 1PL: | / | / |
| 2PL: | ruštkneda ulmaš | ə̑neda ruštk ulmaš |
| 3PL: | ruštknešt ulmaš | ə̑nešt ruštk ulmaš |
Non-finite forms
| Infinitive: | ruštkaš |
| Necessitive infinitive: | ruštkman |
| Active participle: | ruštkšo |
| Passive participle: | ruštkmo |
| Future-necessitive participle: | ruštkšaš |
| Negative participle: | ruštkdə̑mo |
| Affirmative instructive gerund: | ruštkə̑n |
| Negative gerund: | ruštkde |
| Gerund of prior action: | ruštkmek(e) |
| Gerund of future action: | ruštkmeš(ke) |
| Gerund of simultaneous action: | ruštkšə̑la |
| Nominalization: | ruštkmaš |
| Negative nominalization: | ruštkdə̑maš |
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| The Mari Web Project is primarily based at the Department of Finno-Ugric Studies at the University of Vienna. The second stage of the project is being funded by the Kone Foundation: The Mari Web Project: Phase 2. Some of our work is carried out at the Institute of Finno-Ugric and Uralic Studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. | ||
| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||