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Paradigm Generator
Indicative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdam | om toβaŋd |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdat | ot toβaŋd |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdeš | ok/ogeš toβaŋd |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdə̑na | ona/ogə̑na toβaŋd |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdə̑da | oda/ogə̑da toβaŋd |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdə̑t | ogə̑t toβaŋd |
Indicative Simple Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdə̑m | šə̑m toβaŋd |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdə̑č́ | šə̑č́ toβaŋd |
| 3SG: | toβaŋde | ə̑š toβaŋd |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdna | ə̑šna toβaŋd |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdda | ə̑šda toβaŋd |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdə̑č́ | ə̑št toβaŋd |
Indicative Simple Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdə̑nam | toβaŋdə̑n omə̑l |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdə̑nat | toβaŋdə̑n otə̑l |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdə̑n | toβaŋdə̑n ogə̑l |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdə̑nna | toβaŋdə̑n onal/ogə̑nal |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdə̑nda | toβaŋdə̑n odal/ogə̑dal |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdə̑nə̑t | toβaŋdə̑n ogə̑tə̑l |
Indicative Compound Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdam ə̑l'e | om toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdat ə̑l'e | ot toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdeš ə̑l'e | ok/ogeš toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdə̑na ə̑l'e | ona/ogə̑na toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdə̑da ə̑l'e | oda/ogə̑da toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdə̑t ə̑l'e | ogə̑t toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdam ulmaš | om toβaŋd ulmaš |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdat ulmaš | ot toβaŋd ulmaš |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdeš ulmaš | ok/ogeš toβaŋd ulmaš |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdə̑na ulmaš | ona/ogə̑na toβaŋd ulmaš |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdə̑da ulmaš | oda/ogə̑da toβaŋd ulmaš |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdə̑t ulmaš | ogə̑t toβaŋd ulmaš |
Indicative Compound Past III
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdə̑nam ə̑l'e | toβaŋdə̑n omə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdə̑nat ə̑l'e | toβaŋdə̑n otə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdə̑n ə̑l'e | toβaŋdə̑n ogə̑l ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdə̑nna ə̑l'e | toβaŋdə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdə̑nda ə̑l'e | toβaŋdə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdə̑nə̑t ə̑l'e | toβaŋdə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ə̑l'e |
Indicative Compound Past IV
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdə̑nam ulmaš | toβaŋdə̑n omə̑l ulmaš |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdə̑nat ulmaš | toβaŋdə̑n otə̑l ulmaš |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdə̑n ulmaš | toβaŋdə̑n ogə̑l ulmaš |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdə̑nna ulmaš | toβaŋdə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ulmaš |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdə̑nda ulmaš | toβaŋdə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ulmaš |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdə̑nə̑t ulmaš | toβaŋdə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ulmaš |
Imperative
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | toβaŋd | it toβaŋd |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdše | ə̑nže toβaŋd |
| 1PL: | (toβaŋdə̑na) | (ona/ogə̑na toβaŋd) |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdsa | ida toβaŋd |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdə̑št | ə̑nə̑št toβaŋd |
Desiderative Present
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdnem | ə̑nem toβaŋd |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdnet | ə̑net toβaŋd |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdneže | ə̑než toβaŋd |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdnena | ə̑nena toβaŋd |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdneda | ə̑neda toβaŋd |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdnešt | ə̑nešt toβaŋd |
Desiderative Past I
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | toβaŋdnem ə̑l'e | ə̑nem toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdnena ə̑l'e | ə̑net toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdneže ə̑l'e | ə̑než toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 1PL: | toβaŋdnena ə̑l'e | ə̑nena toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdneda ə̑l'e | ə̑neda toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdnešt ə̑l'e | ə̑nešt toβaŋd ə̑l'e |
Desiderative Past II
| Positive | Negative | |
|---|---|---|
| 1SG: | / | / |
| 2SG: | toβaŋdnet ulmaš | ə̑net toβaŋd ulmaš |
| 3SG: | toβaŋdneže ulmaš | ə̑než toβaŋd ulmaš |
| 1PL: | / | / |
| 2PL: | toβaŋdneda ulmaš | ə̑neda toβaŋd ulmaš |
| 3PL: | toβaŋdnešt ulmaš | ə̑nešt toβaŋd ulmaš |
Non-finite forms
| Infinitive: | toβaŋdaš |
| Necessitive infinitive: | toβaŋdman |
| Active participle: | toβaŋdše |
| Passive participle: | toβaŋdme |
| Future-necessitive participle: | toβaŋdšaš |
| Negative participle: | toβaŋddə̑me |
| Affirmative instructive gerund: | toβaŋdə̑n |
| Negative gerund: | toβaŋdde |
| Gerund of prior action: | toβaŋdmek(e) |
| Gerund of future action: | toβaŋdmeš(ke) |
| Gerund of simultaneous action: | toβaŋdšə̑la |
| Nominalization: | toβaŋdmaš |
| Negative nominalization: | toβaŋddə̑maš |
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| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||