Paradigm Generator

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Paradigm Generator

Indicative Present

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkalam	om topkal
2SG:	topkalat	ot topkal
3SG:	topkaleš	ok/ogeš topkal
1PL:	topkalə̑na	ona/ogə̑na topkal
2PL:	topkalə̑da	oda/ogə̑da topkal
3PL:	topkalə̑t	ogə̑t topkal

Indicative Simple Past I

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkal'ə̑m	šə̑m topkal
2SG:	topkal'ə̑č́	šə̑č́ topkal
3SG:	topkal'e	ə̑š topkal
1PL:	topkalna	ə̑šna topkal
2PL:	topkalda	ə̑šda topkal
3PL:	topkal'ə̑č́	ə̑št topkal

Indicative Simple Past II

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkalə̑nam	topkalə̑n omə̑l
2SG:	topkalə̑nat	topkalə̑n otə̑l
3SG:	topkalə̑n	topkalə̑n ogə̑l
1PL:	topkalə̑nna	topkalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal
2PL:	topkalə̑nda	topkalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal
3PL:	topkalə̑nə̑t	topkalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l

Indicative Compound Past I

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkalam ə̑l'e	om topkal ə̑l'e
2SG:	topkalat ə̑l'e	ot topkal ə̑l'e
3SG:	topkaleš ə̑l'e	ok/ogeš topkal ə̑l'e
1PL:	topkalə̑na ə̑l'e	ona/ogə̑na topkal ə̑l'e
2PL:	topkalə̑da ə̑l'e	oda/ogə̑da topkal ə̑l'e
3PL:	topkalə̑t ə̑l'e	ogə̑t topkal ə̑l'e

Indicative Compound Past II

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkalam ulmaš	om topkal ulmaš
2SG:	topkalat ulmaš	ot topkal ulmaš
3SG:	topkaleš ulmaš	ok/ogeš topkal ulmaš
1PL:	topkalə̑na ulmaš	ona/ogə̑na topkal ulmaš
2PL:	topkalə̑da ulmaš	oda/ogə̑da topkal ulmaš
3PL:	topkalə̑t ulmaš	ogə̑t topkal ulmaš

Indicative Compound Past III

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkalə̑nam ə̑l'e	topkalə̑n omə̑l ə̑l'e
2SG:	topkalə̑nat ə̑l'e	topkalə̑n otə̑l ə̑l'e
3SG:	topkalə̑n ə̑l'e	topkalə̑n ogə̑l ə̑l'e
1PL:	topkalə̑nna ə̑l'e	topkalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ə̑l'e
2PL:	topkalə̑nda ə̑l'e	topkalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ə̑l'e
3PL:	topkalə̑nə̑t ə̑l'e	topkalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ə̑l'e

Indicative Compound Past IV

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkalə̑nam ulmaš	topkalə̑n omə̑l ulmaš
2SG:	topkalə̑nat ulmaš	topkalə̑n otə̑l ulmaš
3SG:	topkalə̑n ulmaš	topkalə̑n ogə̑l ulmaš
1PL:	topkalə̑nna ulmaš	topkalə̑n onal/ogə̑nal ulmaš
2PL:	topkalə̑nda ulmaš	topkalə̑n odal/ogə̑dal ulmaš
3PL:	topkalə̑nə̑t ulmaš	topkalə̑n ogə̑tə̑l ulmaš

Imperative

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	/	/
2SG:	topkal	it topkal
3SG:	topkalže	ə̑nže topkal
1PL:	(topkalə̑na)	(ona/ogə̑na topkal)
2PL:	topkalza	ida topkal
3PL:	topkalə̑št	ə̑nə̑št topkal

Desiderative Present

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkalnem	ə̑nem topkal
2SG:	topkalnet	ə̑net topkal
3SG:	topkalneže	ə̑než topkal
1PL:	topkalnena	ə̑nena topkal
2PL:	topkalneda	ə̑neda topkal
3PL:	topkalnešt	ə̑nešt topkal

Desiderative Past I

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	topkalnem ə̑l'e	ə̑nem topkal ə̑l'e
2SG:	topkalnena ə̑l'e	ə̑net topkal ə̑l'e
3SG:	topkalneže ə̑l'e	ə̑než topkal ə̑l'e
1PL:	topkalnena ə̑l'e	ə̑nena topkal ə̑l'e
2PL:	topkalneda ə̑l'e	ə̑neda topkal ə̑l'e
3PL:	topkalnešt ə̑l'e	ə̑nešt topkal ə̑l'e

Desiderative Past II

	Positive	Negative
1SG:	/	/
2SG:	topkalnet ulmaš	ə̑net topkal ulmaš
3SG:	topkalneže ulmaš	ə̑než topkal ulmaš
1PL:	/	/
2PL:	topkalneda ulmaš	ə̑neda topkal ulmaš
3PL:	topkalnešt ulmaš	ə̑nešt topkal ulmaš

Non-finite forms

Infinitive:	topkalaš
Necessitive infinitive:	topkalman
Active participle:	topkalše
Passive participle:	topkalme
Future-necessitive participle:	topkalšaš
Negative participle:	topkaldə̑me
Affirmative instructive gerund:	topkalə̑n
Negative gerund:	topkalde
Gerund of prior action:	topkalmek(e)
Gerund of future action:	topkalmeš(ke)
Gerund of simultaneous action:	topkalšə̑la
Nominalization:	topkalmaš
Negative nominalization:	topkaldə̑maš


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Last update: 10 August 2023