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Paradigm Generator
You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Case Suffixes
| Nominative: | topkalaš (-jem) |
| Genitive: | topkalaš (-jem)ə̑n |
| Dative: | topkalaš (-jem)lan |
| Accusative: | topkalaš (-jem)ə̑m |
| Comparative: | topkalaš (-jem)la |
| Comitative: | topkalaš (-jem)ge |
| Inessive: | topkalaš (-jem)ə̑šte |
| Illative: | topkalaš (-jem)ə̑š(ke) |
| Lative: | topkalaš (-jem)ješ |
Possessive Suffixes
| 1SG: | topkalaš (-jem)jem |
| 2SG: | topkalaš (-jem)jet |
| 3SG: | topkalaš (-jem)že |
| 1PL: | topkalaš (-jem)na |
| 2PL: | topkalaš (-jem)da |
| 3PL: | topkalaš (-jem)ə̑št |
Number Suffixes
| Plural (1): | topkalaš (-jem)-βlak |
| Plural (2): | topkalaš (-jem)-šamə̑č́ |
| Short Plural: | topkalaš (-jem)la |
| Sociative Plural: | topkalaš (-jem)mə̑t |
Case Suffix (Cx) + Possessive Suffix (Px) + Number Suffix (Nx)
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
| Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative: | topkalaš (-jem)jem | topkalaš (-jem)-βlak | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakem, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlak |
| Genitive: | topkalaš (-jem)jemə̑n | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑n | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakemə̑n, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakə̑n |
| Dative: | topkalaš (-jem)jemlan, topkalaš (-jem)lanem | topkalaš (-jem)-βlaklan | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakemlan, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlaklan |
| Accusative: | topkalaš (-jem)jemə̑m | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑m | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakemə̑m, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakə̑m |
| Comparative: | topkalaš (-jem)jemla, topkalaš (-jem)lam | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakla | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakemla, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakla |
| Comitative: | topkalaš (-jem)jemge | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakge | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakemge, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakge |
| Inessive: | topkalaš (-jem)ə̑štem | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑šte | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑štem, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakə̑šte |
| Illative: | topkalaš (-jem)ə̑škem | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑š(ke) | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑škem, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakə̑š(ke) |
| Lative: | topkalaš (-jem)ješem | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakeš | topkalaš (-jem)-βlakešem, topkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakeš |
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| The Mari Web Project is primarily based at the Department of Finno-Ugric Studies at the University of Vienna. The second stage of the project is being funded by the Kone Foundation: The Mari Web Project: Phase 2. Some of our work is carried out at the Institute of Finno-Ugric and Uralic Studies at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. | ||
| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||