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Paradigm Generator
You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Case Suffixes
| Nominative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem) |
| Genitive: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)ən |
| Dative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)lan |
| Accusative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)əm |
| Comparative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)la |
| Comitative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)ge |
| Inessive: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)əʃte |
| Illative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)əʃ(ke) |
| Lative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jeʃ |
Possessive Suffixes
| 1SG: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem |
| 2SG: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jet |
| 3SG: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)ʒe |
| 1PL: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)na |
| 2PL: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)da |
| 3PL: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)əʃt |
Number Suffixes
| Plural (1): | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlak |
| Plural (2): | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-ʃamət͡ɕ |
| Short Plural: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)la |
| Sociative Plural: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)mət |
Case Suffix (Cx) + Possessive Suffix (Px) + Number Suffix (Nx)
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
| Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlak | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakem, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlak |
| Genitive: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jemən | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakən | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakemən, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlakən |
| Dative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jemlan, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)lanem | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlaklan | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakemlan, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlaklan |
| Accusative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jeməm | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakəm | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakeməm, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlakəm |
| Comparative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jemla, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)lam | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakla | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakemla, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlakla |
| Comitative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jemge | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakge | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakemge, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlakge |
| Inessive: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)əʃtem | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakəʃte | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakəʃtem, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlakəʃte |
| Illative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)əʃkem | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakəʃ(ke) | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakəʃkem, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlakəʃ(ke) |
| Lative: | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jeʃem | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakeʃ | tʲopkaʃ (-jem)-βlakeʃem, tʲopkaʃ (-jem)jem-βlakeʃ |
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| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||