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Paradigm Generator
You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Case Suffixes
| Nominative: | upkalaš (-jem) |
| Genitive: | upkalaš (-jem)ə̑n |
| Dative: | upkalaš (-jem)lan |
| Accusative: | upkalaš (-jem)ə̑m |
| Comparative: | upkalaš (-jem)la |
| Comitative: | upkalaš (-jem)ge |
| Inessive: | upkalaš (-jem)ə̑šte |
| Illative: | upkalaš (-jem)ə̑š(ke) |
| Lative: | upkalaš (-jem)ješ |
Possessive Suffixes
| 1SG: | upkalaš (-jem)jem |
| 2SG: | upkalaš (-jem)jet |
| 3SG: | upkalaš (-jem)že |
| 1PL: | upkalaš (-jem)na |
| 2PL: | upkalaš (-jem)da |
| 3PL: | upkalaš (-jem)ə̑št |
Number Suffixes
| Plural (1): | upkalaš (-jem)-βlak |
| Plural (2): | upkalaš (-jem)-šamə̑č́ |
| Short Plural: | upkalaš (-jem)la |
| Sociative Plural: | upkalaš (-jem)mə̑t |
Case Suffix (Cx) + Possessive Suffix (Px) + Number Suffix (Nx)
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
| Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative: | upkalaš (-jem)jem | upkalaš (-jem)-βlak | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakem, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlak |
| Genitive: | upkalaš (-jem)jemə̑n | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑n | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakemə̑n, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakə̑n |
| Dative: | upkalaš (-jem)jemlan, upkalaš (-jem)lanem | upkalaš (-jem)-βlaklan | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakemlan, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlaklan |
| Accusative: | upkalaš (-jem)jemə̑m | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑m | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakemə̑m, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakə̑m |
| Comparative: | upkalaš (-jem)jemla, upkalaš (-jem)lam | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakla | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakemla, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakla |
| Comitative: | upkalaš (-jem)jemge | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakge | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakemge, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakge |
| Inessive: | upkalaš (-jem)ə̑štem | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑šte | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑štem, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakə̑šte |
| Illative: | upkalaš (-jem)ə̑škem | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑š(ke) | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakə̑škem, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakə̑š(ke) |
| Lative: | upkalaš (-jem)ješem | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakeš | upkalaš (-jem)-βlakešem, upkalaš (-jem)jem-βlakeš |
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| Last update: 8 June 2024 | ||