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Paradigm Generator
You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Case Suffixes
| Nominative: | top |
| Genitive: | topə̑n |
| Dative: | toplan |
| Accusative: | topə̑m |
| Comparative: | topla |
| Comitative: | topge |
| Inessive: | topə̑što |
| Illative: | topə̑š(ko) |
| Lative: | topeš |
Possessive Suffixes
| 1SG: | topem |
| 2SG: | topet |
| 3SG: | topšo |
| 1PL: | topna |
| 2PL: | topda |
| 3PL: | topə̑št |
Number Suffixes
| Plural (1): | top-βlak |
| Plural (2): | top-šamə̑č́ |
| Short Plural: | topla |
| Sociative Plural: | topmə̑t |
Case Suffix (Cx) + Possessive Suffix (Px) + Number Suffix (Nx)
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
| Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative: | topem | top-βlak | top-βlakem, topem-βlak |
| Genitive: | topemə̑n | top-βlakə̑n | top-βlakemə̑n, topem-βlakə̑n |
| Dative: | topemlan, toplanem | top-βlaklan | top-βlakemlan, topem-βlaklan |
| Accusative: | topemə̑m | top-βlakə̑m | top-βlakemə̑m, topem-βlakə̑m |
| Comparative: | topemla, toplam | top-βlakla | top-βlakemla, topem-βlakla |
| Comitative: | topemge | top-βlakge | top-βlakemge, topem-βlakge |
| Inessive: | topə̑štem | top-βlakə̑šte | top-βlakə̑štem, topem-βlakə̑šte |
| Illative: | topə̑škem | top-βlakə̑š(ke) | top-βlakə̑škem, topem-βlakə̑š(ke) |
| Lative: | topešem | top-βlakeš | top-βlakešem, topem-βlakeš |
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| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||