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Paradigm Generator
You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Case Suffixes
| Nominative: | topəra |
| Genitive: | topəran |
| Dative: | topəralan |
| Accusative: | topəram |
| Comparative: | topərala |
| Comitative: | topərage |
| Inessive: | topəraʃte |
| Illative: | topəraʃ(ke) |
| Lative: | topəraʃ |
Possessive Suffixes
| 1SG: | topəram |
| 2SG: | topərat |
| 3SG: | topəraʒ(e) |
| 1PL: | topərana |
| 2PL: | topərada |
| 3PL: | topəraʃt |
Number Suffixes
| Plural (1): | topəra-βlak |
| Plural (2): | topəra-ʃamət͡ɕ |
| Short Plural: | topərala |
| Sociative Plural: | topəramət |
Case Suffix (Cx) + Possessive Suffix (Px) + Number Suffix (Nx)
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
| Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative: | topəram | topəra-βlak | topəra-βlakem, topəram-βlak |
| Genitive: | topəramən | topəra-βlakən | topəra-βlakemən, topəram-βlakən |
| Dative: | topəramlan, topəralanem | topəra-βlaklan | topəra-βlakemlan, topəram-βlaklan |
| Accusative: | topəraməm | topəra-βlakəm | topəra-βlakeməm, topəram-βlakəm |
| Comparative: | topəramla, topəralam | topəra-βlakla | topəra-βlakemla, topəram-βlakla |
| Comitative: | topəramge | topəra-βlakge | topəra-βlakemge, topəram-βlakge |
| Inessive: | topəraʃtem | topəra-βlakəʃte | topəra-βlakəʃtem, topəram-βlakəʃte |
| Illative: | topəraʃkem | topəra-βlakəʃ(ke) | topəra-βlakəʃkem, topəram-βlakəʃ(ke) |
| Lative: | topəraʃem | topəra-βlakeʃ | topəra-βlakeʃem, topəram-βlakeʃ |
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| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||