Paradigm Generator
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Paradigm Generator

   ● Nominal ○ Verb ○ Postposition
Orthography: ○ Cyrillic ○ UPA ● IPA

You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.


Case Suffixes

Nominative:toŋgak
Genitive:toŋgakən
Dative:toŋgaklan
Accusative:toŋgakəm
Comparative:toŋgakla
Comitative:toŋgakge
Inessive:toŋgakəʃte
Illative:toŋgakəʃ(ke)
Lative:toŋgakeʃ

Possessive Suffixes

1SG:toŋgakem
2SG:toŋgaket
3SG:toŋgakʃe
1PL:toŋgakna
2PL:toŋgakda
3PL:toŋgakəʃt

Number Suffixes

Plural (1):toŋgak-βlak
Plural (2):toŋgak-ʃamət͡ɕ
Short Plural:toŋgakla
Sociative Plural:toŋgakmət

Case Suffix (Cx) + Possessive Suffix (Px) + Number Suffix (Nx)

For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.

CaseCx + PxCx + NxCx + Px + Nx
Nominative:toŋgakemtoŋgak-βlaktoŋgak-βlakem,
toŋgakem-βlak
Genitive:toŋgakeməntoŋgak-βlakəntoŋgak-βlakemən,
toŋgakem-βlakən
Dative:toŋgakemlan,
toŋgaklanem
toŋgak-βlaklantoŋgak-βlakemlan,
toŋgakem-βlaklan
Accusative:toŋgakeməmtoŋgak-βlakəmtoŋgak-βlakeməm,
toŋgakem-βlakəm
Comparative:toŋgakemla,
toŋgaklam
toŋgak-βlaklatoŋgak-βlakemla,
toŋgakem-βlakla
Comitative:toŋgakemgetoŋgak-βlakgetoŋgak-βlakemge,
toŋgakem-βlakge
Inessive:toŋgakəʃtemtoŋgak-βlakəʃtetoŋgak-βlakəʃtem,
toŋgakem-βlakəʃte
Illative:toŋgakəʃkemtoŋgak-βlakəʃ(ke)toŋgak-βlakəʃkem,
toŋgakem-βlakəʃ(ke)
Lative:toŋgakeʃemtoŋgak-βlakeʃtoŋgak-βlakeʃem,
toŋgakem-βlakeʃ


Last update: 10 August 2023