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Paradigm Generator
You can indicate word stress by placing an asterisk * or a bullet point • after a stressed vowel (e.g., теҥге•, теҥге* 'ruble'). Otherwise, stress is assumed to follow regular patterns. Indicate orthographically unmarked palatalization with an accent, e.g.: имн'e 'horse'. Alternatively, if you do not specify the word stress and palatalization, the software will consult our lexicon. In the case of homographs (i.e., two words spelled the same, but not necessarily pronounced - and inflected - the same, e.g., ше•рге 'expensive' <> шерге• 'comb', the software will pick the word listed in the dictionary first.
Case Suffixes
| Nominative: | tupka |
| Genitive: | tupkan |
| Dative: | tupkalan |
| Accusative: | tupkam |
| Comparative: | tupkala |
| Comitative: | tupkage |
| Inessive: | tupkašte |
| Illative: | tupkaš(ke) |
| Lative: | tupkaš |
Possessive Suffixes
| 1SG: | tupkam |
| 2SG: | tupkat |
| 3SG: | tupkaž(e) |
| 1PL: | tupkana |
| 2PL: | tupkada |
| 3PL: | tupkašt |
Number Suffixes
| Plural (1): | tupka-βlak |
| Plural (2): | tupka-šamə̑č́ |
| Short Plural: | tupkala |
| Sociative Plural: | tupkamə̑t |
Case Suffix (Cx) + Possessive Suffix (Px) + Number Suffix (Nx)
For the sake of simplicity, only the plural suffix -влак and the possessive suffix first person singular -ем are displayed here. Also note that other suffix arrangements than these can be encountered on occasion - these are only the most common ones.
| Case | Cx + Px | Cx + Nx | Cx + Px + Nx |
|---|---|---|---|
| Nominative: | tupkam | tupka-βlak | tupka-βlakem, tupkam-βlak |
| Genitive: | tupkamə̑n | tupka-βlakə̑n | tupka-βlakemə̑n, tupkam-βlakə̑n |
| Dative: | tupkamlan, tupkalanem | tupka-βlaklan | tupka-βlakemlan, tupkam-βlaklan |
| Accusative: | tupkamə̑m | tupka-βlakə̑m | tupka-βlakemə̑m, tupkam-βlakə̑m |
| Comparative: | tupkamla, tupkalam | tupka-βlakla | tupka-βlakemla, tupkam-βlakla |
| Comitative: | tupkamge | tupka-βlakge | tupka-βlakemge, tupkam-βlakge |
| Inessive: | tupkaštem | tupka-βlakə̑šte | tupka-βlakə̑štem, tupkam-βlakə̑šte |
| Illative: | tupkaškem | tupka-βlakə̑š(ke) | tupka-βlakə̑škem, tupkam-βlakə̑š(ke) |
| Lative: | tupkašem | tupka-βlakeš | tupka-βlakešem, tupkam-βlakeš |
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| Last update: 10 August 2023 | ||